Romania: Investing in Romania
According to UNCTAD's 2022 World Investment Report, FDI flows to Romania totalled USD 8.6 billion in 2021, 150% more than the level recorded a year earlier. In the same year, the total stock of FDI stood at USD 108.7 billion, around 38.4% of the country’s GDP. According to data from the National Bank of Romania, the main sectors attracting FDI are manufacturing, construction and real estate transactions, trade, financial intermediation and insurance. The main investing countries are the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Italy and Cyprus. Bucharest is the region that attracts the most foreign capital in the whole country. Figures from the National Bank show that the overall net inflows of foreign direct investments to Romania increased by 9% y-o-y to EUR 9.6 billion in 2022. However, the share of the year’s GDP contracted to 3.1%, from 3.3% one year earlier. The inflow of equity FDI turned from EUR 2 billion inflows in 2021 to EUR 390 million outflows in 2022, mostly due to the EUR 883 million outflows related to the fact that the state-controlled company Romgaz took over a 50% stake in Neptun Deep offshore perimeter from a foreign-registered subsidiary of ExxonMobil.
In terms of FDI, Romania has numerous advantages: in addition to a large domestic market, the country has a strong industrial tradition, coupled with a cost of labour among the lowest in the EU and a well-educated workforce. This has been the reason for the development of a significant industrial sector, particularly car making, but also services. Furthermore, Romania has one of the lowest tax rates in the EU. The tax regime favours industrial investment and start-up initiatives equally. A gradual pick up of projects co-financed by EU funds brings further support for investment. On the other hand, corruption is still a problem, so as legislative instability and weak judicial independence. Romania introduced new legislation which tightens the FDI screening rules, in line with EU Regulation 2019/452: the National Council for Country's Defence (CSAT), an executive body chaired by the President of Romania and having the Prime Minister as its co-chair, may stop an investment if it is deemed to pose a threat to national security. The sectors involved include security, energy, transportation, infrastructure, weapons, etc. The country ranks 49th out of 132 in the 2022 Global Innovation Index and 63rd out of 180 in the Corruption Perception Index. Furthermore, Romania ranks 39th out of 82 countries in the Economist Business Environment ranking.
Foreign Direct Investment | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
FDI Inward Flow (million USD) | 5,791 | 3,432 | 8,610 |
FDI Stock (million USD) | 99,201 | 111,387 | 108,743 |
Number of Greenfield Investments* | 260 | 156 | 172 |
Value of Greenfield Investments (million USD) | 6,059 | 3,843 | 5,310 |
Source: UNCTAD, Latest available data
Note: * Greenfield Investments are a form of Foreign Direct Investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up.
Country Comparison For the Protection of Investors | Romania | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | United States | Germany |
Index of Transaction Transparency* | 9.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Manager’s Responsibility** | 4.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Shareholders’ Power*** | 5.0 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Source: Doing Business, Latest available data
Note: *The Greater the Index, the More Transparent the Conditions of Transactions. **The Greater the Index, the More the Manager is Personally Responsible. *** The Greater the Index, the Easier it Will Be For Shareholders to Take Legal Action.
The main assets of the country for attracting foreign investment are:
The main weaknesses of the country are:
The rise in wages, and in particular the minimum wage at RON 2,300 (about EUR 458), makes it possible to boost growth through sustained household consumption. Finally, the application of a new tax code, adopted in September 2015, allowed the introduction of numerous tax adjustments in favour of the liberalisation of the economy, including a reduction of the VAT rate from 24% to 19% in 2017 and a dividend tax reduction of 16 to 5% in 2017.
Investors can benefit from customs and tax incentives in six free zones (mainly located on the Danube or near the Black Sea). Investments in free zones can be subsidised by the state under EU rules on regional development aid.
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Latest Update: May 2023