Tax rates in France

Company Tax

25% flat rate (from 2022, for 2021 the rate was 27.5%)

Tax Rate For Foreign Companies

A resident company is subject to corporate income tax in France on its French-source income, while a non-resident company is subject to taxation in France only on the income attributable to French business activity or to a permanent establishment in the country, as well as on income from real estate located in France.

Branch profits are taxed at the same rate as corporate profits. Generally, branch profits are deemed to be distributed to the head office. A withholding tax is levied on French branches of non-resident, non-EU corporations at the rate of 25% (from 2022 - may be lower under a tax treaty) of net profits. Transfer pricing and controlled foreign company rules apply.

Capital Gains Taxation

Capital gains derived by companies are taxed at the normal corporate rate.
Capital gains derived from the disposal of patents, patentable inventions or software, as well as on income from the licensing of patents or patentable inventions, are subject to a reduced rate of 10%.

As with dividends, a participation exemption applies to capital gains arising from the sales of shares that form part of a substantial investment if the shares have been held for 24 months. The taxable basis is 12% of the gross amount of the capital gain realized (i.e. the gain is 88% exempt), resulting in an effective rate of 3.1%.

In general, non-resident entities are not taxable in France on capital gains derived from the disposal of French assets, unless these are part of a permanent establishment in the country (exceptions apply).

Main Allowable Deductions and Tax Credits

Expenses are deductible for depreciation or amortisation, reserves, rents for premises and equipment, wages, interests and royalties, repairs and maintenance costs etc. Ceilings may apply to some expenses such as contributions to an employee's savings plan or write-offs of machinery and inventory. Company registration expenses can be either deduced or depreciated over five years. Goodwill cannot be amortised.

Ordinary losses may generally be carried forward indefinitely or offset against the taxable profit of a given year up to EUR 1 million plus 50% of the amount in excess of EUR 1 million. Losses in excess (that are not offset against taxable profits) can be carried forward under the same conditions to subsequent tax years. The carryback is also allowed to the fiscal year immediately preceding that in which the losses arise and up to a maximum of EUR 1 million.

For R&D and software expenses, a business may elect to immediately deduct costs incurred in R&D or software or to amortise their cost on a straight-line basis over a maximum period of five years. The cost of acquiring software may be written off on a straight-line basis over 12 months. The cost of patents acquired can be amortised over a five-year period. An R&D credit is also available, at 30% of the R&D eligible expenses incurred during the year (up to EUR 100 million R&D expenses), and 5% on the part in excess of this amount.

Several taxes, including unrecoverable turnover taxes, registration duties, and Territorial Economic Contribution, are deductible (corporate income tax is not).

For wages paid on or after 1 January 2019, the Competitiveness and Employment Tax Credit (CICE) is repealed and replaced by a permanent decrease in payroll charges paid by employers to finance the French social security system.

Other Corporate Taxes

Various local taxes are imposed by the government, like the Land tax or Territorial Economic Contribution (CET), which comprises of the Corporate Real Estate Contribution (CFE, based on the rental value of a real estate) and the Contribution on Corporate Added Value (CVAE, based on turnover).

Social security contributions payable by the employer vary depending on the size and type of business and the location, and in some cases can exceed 50% of gross pay (around 45% on average).
The sale of real property is subject to a transfer tax up to a maximum rate of 5.8%.
The transfer of shares of an SA, SAS, or SCA is subject to registration duty at a rate of 0.1% with no cap (increased to 5% if the company whose shares are transferred is a real estate company). For the sale of shares of a SARL or SNC the transfer tax is equal to 3% of the sales price, minus a sum equal to the number of units sold x EUR 23,000/total number of the company units.

A financial transaction tax of 0.3% applies to transactions involving shares of publicly traded companies established in France whose capital exceeds EUR 1 billion.

A 3% digital services tax (DST) is levied on companies whose revenues derived from the provision of online placement of advertising, sale of collected user data and intermediation services exceeds EUR 750 million globally and EUR 25 million in France during the calendar year. For related companies, these thresholds are assessed at the group level.

Other taxes include: apprenticeship tax, company car tax, stamp duties, etc.

Other Domestic Resources

French Fiscal Administration web portal

Consult the Doing Business Website, to obtain a summary of the taxes and mandatory contributions.

Tax Rate

Allowable Deductions and Tax Credits

Deductibles include income-generating expenses, mandatory social security contributions, child care costs, consumer credit, investment and legal costs, losses from the rental of real property and more.

Concerning personal allowances, total taxable income is divided into the number of shares ("parts") that reflects the taxpayer's marital status and the number of dependants. Children under 18 years of age and disabled children of all ages can be claimed as dependents. Children from the ages of 18 to 21, as well as children from the ages of 21 to 25 who are full-time students, can, upon request, be claimed as dependants. The tax benefit per additional half-share for dependent children is limited to a maximum of EUR 1,592 for each of the first two children and EUR 3,184 for each additional child.

Payments of alimony to an ex-spouse, and of child support to children under 18 are fully deductible expenses when made according to the provisions of a court settlement. Support payments made to parents, grandparents, children over 18, or married children qualify as a deductible expense (with a cap for children), provided that the beneficiaries are in need and that such can be demonstrated.
Taxpayers carrying out an employed or self-employed activity are entitled to a tax credit of up to 50% of childcare expenses incurred for each dependent child under seven placed at nursery school or with non-domestic help (capped at EUR 2,300 per child/per annum).

Charitable contributions to qualified organizations can be claimed as a tax reduction of up to 66% of actual contributions. A tax reduction for schooling expenses is granted to taxpayers whose dependent children study in secondary schools, as follows: EUR 61 for "collège", EUR 153 for "Lycée", and EUR 183 for university. The reduction deriving from tax deductions/credits is globally limited to EUR 10,000/year.

Special Expatriate Tax Regime

Individuals with their tax domicile in France are generally taxed on their worldwide income, whereas non-residents are subject to tax only on their income arising in France.

For non-residents, a 20% minimum rate of tax applies to income from French sources up to EUR 26,070 and 30% for any income exceeding this amount (14.4% and 20%, respectively, for income earned in France's overseas departments). A "PAYE income tax system" has been introduced, meaning tax is now deducted at source from the employee’s wage.
France has generous expatriate tax regimes to attract foreign investment, especially around health insurance, complimentary retirement pension contributions and other exemptions.
For further information, visit the dedicated page on the website of the French Tax Authority.