The political framework of the Czech Republic

Political Outline

Current Political Leaders

President: Petr Pavel (since 8 March 2023)
Prime Minister: Andrej Babis (since 10 December 2025)

Next Election Dates

Presidential: January 2028

Main Political Parties

In Czechia, parties need at least 5% of the national vote to enter the Chamber of Deputies. Coalitions face higher thresholds: 8% for two parties and 11% for three or more. The Senate has no party threshold, as members are elected through a two-round majority system in single-member constituencies. The country's main political parties are:

• Civic Democratic Party (ODS): centre-right, supports economic liberalism; defends the principles of personal freedom and individual responsibility, entrepreneurship and private ownership
• ANO 2011: centre-right, populist, advocating for anti-corruption, economic reform, and pragmatic governance
• Mayors and Independents (STAN): liberal, centrist, focused on decentralization and local governance
• Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party (KDU–ČSL): centre, draws its main support from rural areas
• TOP 09 (Tradition Responsibility Prosperity): centre-right, supports a free market and the European Union
• Freedom and Direct Democracy (SPD): right-wing
• Czech Pirate Party (CSP): independent

Other parties include:

• Czech Social Democratic Party (CSSD): centre-left
• Senator 21: liberalism, pro-European
• Communist Party of Bohemia & Moravia (KSCM): left-wing
• Green Party (SZ): environmentalist
• Přísaha: populist, anti-corruption

Executive Power

The President is the chief of state and is elected by direct public vote for a five-year term. The President has limited specific powers, the most important of which are to return enacted laws to the Parliament and to dissolve the Parliament under specific constitutionally outlined conditions. The President appoints the Prime Minister (typically the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Chamber of Deputies), as well as the Cabinet based on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of the government and holds executive powers, including the right to choose governmental ministers. The Prime Minister is generally the head of the majority party or coalition in the Parliament and carries considerable political power.

Legislative Power

The legislature is bicameral. The Parliament consists of: the Senate (the upper house), its 81 members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms (with one-third of its members elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies (the lower house) with its 200 members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. The executive branch is dependent on parliamentary support, as the government must maintain the confidence of the Chamber of Deputies to stay in power. The Prime Minister does not have the authority to dissolve Parliament; this power lies with the President, who can only dissolve the Chamber of Deputies under specific constitutionally defined circumstances.